For more information on usage, please refer to our Terms of Use. [218] In September Ho Chi Minh and North Vietnamese premier, Pham Van Dong appeared amenable to French mediation, so Johnson ceased bombing in a 10-mile zone around Hanoi; this was met with dissatisfaction. He hoped to build what he called the Great Society by undertaking sweeping reforms to eradicate discrimination and poverty. [68] When John and Robert Kennedy next saw their father Joe Kennedy, he told them that signing Johnson as running mate was the smartest thing that they had ever done. [66] Robert Kennedy wanted his brother to choose labor leader Walter Reuther. Johnson worked closely with Harry F. Byrd of Virginia to negotiate a reduction in the budget below $100 billion in exchange for what became overwhelming Senate approval of the Revenue Act of 1964. Overcoming his disappointment at not heading the ticket himself, he campaigned energetically, and many observers felt that without his presence Kennedy could not have carried Texas, Louisiana, and the Carolinas, states that were essential to his victory over the Republican candidate, Richard M. Nixon. [239] After the election, Johnson's primary focus on Vietnam was to get Saigon to join the Paris peace talks. [179] The public's reaction to the resolution at the time was positive—48 percent favored stronger measures in Vietnam and only 14 percent wanted to negotiate a settlement and leave. [33] Johnson also authorized the tapping of phone conversations of others, including the Vietnamese friends of a Nixon associate.[247]. In 1973 The Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston was renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Franklin D. Roosevelt. Caro, Robert. Johnson's instructions for public consumption were clear: there was to be no comment that the war effort had been expanded. A historian’s view: Nixon could be defeated, Johnson insisted, "if only the Democrats don't go too far left. By methods sometimes tactful but often ruthless, he transformed the Senate Democrats into a remarkably disciplined and cohesive bloc. He drafted an executive order for Kennedy's signature, granting Johnson "general supervision" over matters of national security, and requiring all government agencies to "cooperate fully with the vice president in the carrying out of these assignments." He went back to Texas to live his ranch in Stonewall. It was in this setting that Johnson developed a keen social conscience and a desire to improve opportunities for minorities and the underprivileged. The eight-week bombing campaign became known as Operation Rolling Thunder. [199] Humphrey, Rusk, and McNamara all agreed, and the bombing began at the end of June. By early 1964, these advisors had reached a consensus: the communists in Indochina could be defeated in the short to medium term if the United States became more directly involved. "I'm hurting real bad,"[253] he confided to friends. )[65], Seymour Hersh stated that Robert F. Kennedy (known as Bobby) hated Johnson for his attacks on the Kennedy family, and later maintained that his brother offered the position to Johnson merely as a courtesy, expecting him to decline. President Johnson steadily exerted his influence against segregation and on behalf of law and order, but there was no early solution. [1] He started great programs for the public. With the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, the country's immigration system was reformed, encouraging greater immigration from regions other than Europe. In the Senate, Johnson very quickly became powerful and in 1955 became leader of the Senate and was the youngest to have ever held that position. In Detroit in 1967, Governor George Romney sent in 7,400 national guard troops to quell fire bombings, looting, and attacks on businesses and police. (Convention chairman LeRoy Collins' declaration of a two-thirds majority in favor by voice vote is even disputed. His home was the LBJ Ranch; his initials were on his cufflinks, ashtrays, and clothes. He served primarily as a speechwriter and political analyst. The CIA was reporting wide food shortages in Hanoi and an unstable power grid, as well as military manpower reductions. [226][225], In October, with the ever-increasing public protests against the war, Johnson engaged the FBI and the CIA to investigate, monitor and undermine anti-war activists. At the same time, Johnson increased the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War. Even then they argued about procedural matters until after Nixon took office. The visit was a political sweetener, intended to boost Kennedy’s popularity in Texas. Its velocity was breathtaking and it was all in one direction. He worked his way through school, participated in debate and campus politics, and edited the school newspaper, The College Star. Not because of our sorrow or sympathy, but because they are right. Hundreds of LAPD officers were massed at the hotel and when the march slowed an order was given to disperse the crowd. Ending in a clash with riot police, it set a pattern for the massive protests which followed. House Speaker Sam Rayburn wrangled the appointment from Kennedy in exchange for support of an administration bill. They started with a violent disturbance in the Harlem riots in 1964, and the Watts district of Los Angeles in 1965, and extended to 1971.
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